南京市政府办公厅关于转发市档案局《南京市各级国家综合档案馆档案开放与利用办法》的通知
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南京市政府办公厅关于转发市档案局《南京市各级国家综合档案馆档案开放与利用办法》的通知
江苏省南京市政府办公厅
市政府办公厅关于转发市档案局《南京市各级国家综合档案馆档案开放与利用办法》的通知
宁政办发（2009）127号
各区县人民政府，市府各委办局，市各直属单位：
市档案局拟定的《南京市各级国家综合档案馆档案开放与利用办法》已经市政府同意，现转发给你们，请遵照执行。
二○○九年十一月六日
南京市各级国家综合档案馆档案开放与利用办法
（市档案局 2009年11月）
第一章 总 则
第一条 为规范本市各级国家综合档案馆（以下简称“档案馆”）馆藏档案的查阅利用行为，有效保护和充分开发档案资源，发挥档案特有的文化与经济、社会价值，促进档案馆为本市经济、社会、文化可持续发展服务，根据《中华人民共和国档案法》、《中华人民共和国保守国家保密法》及《南京市档案条例》、《南京市政府信息公开规定》等法律法规，结合本市实际，制定本办法。
第二条 本市所属各级国家综合档案馆开放与利用馆藏档案适用本办法。
第三条 本办法所称的档案，是指由档案馆收藏、保管的各类档案。
（一）档案开放，是指对档案内容依法进行保密性鉴定，将无需保密的档案向社会开放。档案开放分馆内平台开放和互联网络等公共平台开放。
（二）档案利用，是指对档案的阅览、复制、摘录等。
第四条 南京市档案行政管理部门负责对本市档案馆档案开放、利用工作进行监督和管理。
第五条 档案的开放、利用遵循合法、便捷和维护档案安全的原则。
第六条 到档案馆利用档案，须服从档案馆安排，遵守有关规定，自携物品应存入指定位置。不使用自携设备（含存储设备）连接馆内电脑、网络系统。
第二章 档案的开放
第七条 档案馆应对所有拟开放的档案进行保密鉴定，未经保密鉴定的档案不予开放。
第八条 档案馆馆藏档案自形成之日起满30年一般向社会开放。其中：
（一）不涉及国家秘密、商业秘密和个人隐私的经济、科学、技术、文化等类档案，以及内容符合政府信息公开范围的档案，可以随时开放。
（二）涉及国家安全、公共安全、经济安全、社会稳定等国家重大利益的档案，以及涉及公民非国家公职行为信息的档案、企业商业信息的档案，一般自形成之日起50年内不开放。法律、法规另有规定的从其规定。
（三）受赠档案依捐赠协议开放。非法定原因，捐赠档案的最长保密期为自捐赠日起50年。
（四）寄存档案的开放，由寄存者或其合法继承者决定。如无合法继承者，其档案的开放由档案馆按照本办法前述相关条款规定办理。
到期仍不宜开放的档案，经上一级档案行政管理部门审核同意后可以延期开放。
第九条 经保密鉴定，凡按国家法规无需继续保密的档案，报本级档案行政管理部门批准后开放。
第十条 已开放的档案应在馆内服务平台上实现全开放，并逐步、有序推进实现公共互联网络等公共平台上的公布式开放。
第十一条 档案馆应当为利用者提供已开放档案的目录。
第三章 档案的利用
第十二条 到档案馆利用档案需持本人身份证、工作证、学生证等合法有效证件，并详实填写利用申请。档案馆应依申请，按规定提供相应服务。
利用珍贵、重要档案原件及未开放档案的须持本人有效身份证。
第十三条 经申请登记后，利用者可自行或委托档案馆接待人员检索查阅已开放的档案。未开放档案的利用须经档案馆同意，一般由档案馆工作人员代为检索查寻。
利用者可在本市任一档案馆，依本办法登记利用其他档案馆已信息化共享的档案信息。
第十四条 公民、法人或者其他组织可根据自身生产、生活、科研等特殊需要，向档案馆申请利用相关未开放档案。
公民、法人可以利用档案馆收藏的其自身形成的，并依法拥有所涉内容管理权限的未开放档案。
第十五条 利用未开放档案，利用者须出具本人所属组织、所居街道（乡、镇）以上国家机关或委托人、委托机构开具的证明查阅人身份和查阅利用目的、用途与内容、范围的介绍信函、委托书。
档案馆应自受理申请之日起5个工作日内，依法就是否准予利用作出答复。能够当场答复的，应当当场予以答复。
第十六条 利用未开放档案，除国家法律法规另有规定的外，凡属下列情况之一的，介绍信函、委托书须经相应的签批、公证：
（一）利用重要的内部党、政等会议记录档案的，须经档案形成单位或法定继承单位相应负责人签批，并加盖公章。
（二）利用内容涉及重大事（案）件、人员处理及其他重大秘密事项的档案，须经档案形成单位或法定继承单位、法定事（案）件与秘密事项处理机关签批同意，并加盖公章。
（三）利用内容涉及商业秘密的档案，须经档案形成单位法人签批同意，并加盖公章。
（四）受婚姻、公证、诉讼、产权等当事人委托，利用其相应的涉及重要个人私密信息的档案，受托人除律师事务所外，委托书须经公证。
利用档案移交、捐赠单位、个人有特别管理要求的档案，利用者应按要求办理相应手续。档案馆应向利用者说明需要办理的相应手续。
第十七条 公民可凭本人身份证到档案馆利用尚未开放的记载有关本人下放插队、支边援内、婚姻计生、学籍学历、职称任职、招聘调动、获奖荣誉、离职退休及产权债权、税费缴纳、社会保障等经历、情况的档案。
第十八条 未开放档案中含有利用者所需与工作、生活、学习密切相关的内容，且此内容不保密，并易与需要保密的内容作区分处理的，档案馆应以适当方式向利用者提供此部分可公开的档案内容。
第十九条 为编撰、研究、宣传等目的，需大量查用档案的，需提前3至5个工作日向档案馆报送相应提纲及需查内容、范围、要求，办理预约查用登记手续。
第二十条 已经复印、缩微、数字化等复制处理的档案，档案馆可以复制件代替原件提供利用。
利用特别重要、珍贵的档案原件，须有经档案馆认可的明确、合理的利用目的。
需要修复、整理的档案原件，一般不提供利用。
第二十一条 利用档案应当在档案馆指定的查阅室内进行。
利用者也可通过信函、电话、传真、电子邮件等途径利用已开放的档案。档案馆应于3个工作日内回复利用者的查用要求。
第二十二条 档案一般由档案馆代为复制，未经档案馆同意，利用者不得自行复制档案：
（一）利用者摘录、复制档案需逐条登记，其中摘录、复制非开放档案须经档案馆审核同意。
（二）利用档案原件进行复制，由档案馆根据保密要求、利用需要和档案完好状况、珍贵程度等酌情核定。
（三）形成50年以上的档案，一次复印不超过10份或30页，其它档案复印不超过20份或80页。破损、褪变及珍贵档案原件一律不予复印。
第二十三条 向档案馆移交、捐赠、寄存档案的组织和个人对其移交、捐赠、寄存的档案享有优先利用权。
第二十四条 利用档案馆馆藏档案，免收利用服务费。
第四章 相关事项
第二十五条 档案馆以复印形式出具档案馆藏证明。
档案馆对所出具的馆藏档案证明，应加盖证明专用印章，注明原件馆藏编号等需要加以说明的信息。
馆藏本身为复制件，以及其他明显存疑的档案，档案馆可不予出具档案证明。确需出具证明时，应加注特别说明。
出具馆藏中查无所需材料证明，须说明查找检索的确切内容及全宗、时间范围。
第二十六条 利用未开放档案，利用者应履行法定保密义务，档案馆可要求利用者签订保密协议。
非经秘密形成者或具有法定处理相应保密信息单位的许可，利用者不得转让、扩散及超登记利用目的、用途范围使用摘抄、复制的未开放档案。
第二十七条 利用者摘录、复制的已开放档案内容，如不违反国家有关规定，可以在著述中引用。
利用者对具有知识产权的档案的引用、公布等利用行为负责。
第二十八条 档案一般不外借。档案移交、捐赠者及国家司法、检察等机关因特殊原因需要外借档案，须持经单位领导签批，并盖有公章，注明需借档案及用途、经办人、预借时间等内容的借调函和经办人身份证，向档案馆申请。档案馆于5个工作日内作出是否准予外借的决定。
除订有专门协议的捐赠档案外，1949年（含）以前的档案一律不予外借。
档案最长借期为20天。借调者对所借档案的安全完好负责。
第五章 附 则
第二十九条 本办法自2010年1月1日起执行。
大兴安岭地区建筑工程方案设计招标投标管理办法
黑龙江省大兴安岭地区行署办公室
大兴安岭地区行署办公室大兴安岭林业集团公司办公室关于印发建筑工程方案设计招标投标管理办法的通知
大署办〔2010〕52号
各县、区人民政府，各林业局，各县级直属企事业单位：
《大兴安岭地区建筑工程方案设计招标投标管理办法》已经行署、林业集团公司同意，现印发给你们，请认真遵照执行。
二0一0年五月三十一日
大兴安岭地区建筑工程方案设计招标投标管理办法
第一章 总 则
第一条 为规范建筑工程方案设计招投标活动，提高建筑工程方案设计质量，体现公平有序竞争，根据《中华人民共和国招投标法》、住房和城乡建设部《建筑工程方案设计招标投标管理办法》、《黑龙江省建设工程勘察设计条例》，特制定本办法。
第二条 在我区从事建筑工程方案设计招标、投标及其管理活动适用本办法。
第三条 本办法所称建筑工程方案设计招标、投标是指在建筑工程方案设计阶段，按照有关招标、投标法律、法规、规章等规定进行的方案设计招标、投标活动。
第四条 凡在我区行政区域内使用国有资金或国家融资，使用国际组织或者外国政府资金的项目以及关系社会公众利益、公众安全的基础设施、公用事业项目，其单项设计合同估算价在30万元人民币以上的或单项设计合同估算价低于30万元人民币，但项目总投资额在1500万元人民币以上的必须进行建筑工程方案设计公开招标。
第五条 招商引资和民营（非公有制控股股份制）企业使用自有资金的建筑工程项目，投资人可申请邀请招标，但标志性建筑和临主要街道公建项目，均应进行公开招标。
第六条 建筑工程的设计采用特定专利、专有技术或者建筑艺术造型有特殊要求；专业性较强、技术性较复杂；涉及国家安全、国家机密及抢险救灾的，经有关部门批准，可直接发包。
第七条 建筑工程方案设计应按照科学发展观，全面贯彻适用、经济，在可能条件下注意美观的原则，建筑工程设计方案要与我区经济发展相适应，积极采用节能、节地、节水、节材、环保技术的建筑工程设计方案。
第八条 建筑工程方案设计招标、投标活动必须遵循公开、公平、公正、择优和诚实信用的原则。
第九条 地区建设行政主管部门和纪检监察部门负责全区建筑工程方案设计招投标活动统一监督管理工作。
第二章 招 标
第十条 建筑工程方案设计招标方式分为公开招标和邀请招标，国有资金或占主导地位的建筑工程项目，国家及省确定的重点工程项目，应依法进行公开招标（特殊建设项目可进行邀请招标）。
第十一条 根据设计方案及设计深度，建筑工程方案设计招标类型分为建筑工程概念性方案设计和建筑工程实施性方案设计招标两种类型。
第十二条 招标人具备以下条件可以自行组织招标。
（一）有与招标项目规模、复杂程度相适应的工程技术、工程造价、财务和工程管理人员；
（二）有组织编制招标文件的能力和专门的招标组织机构；
（三）有审查招投标资质的能力；
（四）有组织开标、评标、定标的能力；
不具备上述规定条件的招标人，应当委托具备有相应资质的招标代理机构代理招标。
第十三条 建筑工程方案设计招标时应具备下列条件：
(一) 按照国家有关规定需要履行项目审批手续的，已履行审批手续，取得批准；
(二) 设计所需资金已经落实；
(三) 设计基础资料已经收集完成；
(四) 符合相关法律、法规规定的其它条件。
第十四条 公开招标的项目，招标人应当在指定的媒介发布招标公告。
第十五条 招标人填写的招标公告或投标邀请函应当内容真实，准确完整。
第十六条 招标人应当按招标公告或者投标邀请函规定的时间、地点发出招标文件或者资格预审文件，自招标文件或者资格预审文件发出之日至停止发出之日止，不得少于5个工作日。
第十七条 依法必须进行招标的建筑工程项目：
（一）招标人委托招标代理机构进行招标，招标人应当在委托合同签定后5个工作日内持《招标备案登记表》及有关材料到地区建设行政主管部门进行备案。
（二）招标人自行组织招标的，应在发布公告或发布邀请前5个工作日内持《招标备案登记表》及有关材料到地区建设行政主管部门备案。
第十八条 招标人和招投标代理机构应将加盖单位公章的招标公告或投标邀请函及招标文件，报地区建设行政主管部门备案。
第三章 投 标
第十九条 投标人应当具有与招标项目相适应的工程设计资质：
（一）在中华人民共和国境外的企业，应当是其所在国或者所在地区的建筑设计行业协会或组织推荐的会员。其行业协会或组织的推荐名单应由建设单位确认。
（二）外埠设计单位参加我区建筑工程方案设计投标的必须按照《黑龙江省勘察设计管理条例》的要求办理跨区设计准入手续，否则不得参加投标活动。
第二十条 投标人应按照招标文件确定的内容和深度提交投标文件。
第二十一条 招标人要求投标人提交投标文件的时限：建筑工程概念性方案设计投标文件一般不少于20日，大型公共建筑工程概念性方案设计投标文件一般不少于40日，建筑工程实施性方案设计文件一般不少于45日。
第四章 开标、评标、定标
第二十二条 招标人或招标代理机构根据招标建筑工程项目特点需要组建评标委员会，其组成应当符合有关法律、法规的规定。
第二十三条 开标会议应按招标文件规定的时间在建设工程交易中心进行，由招标人组织并主持。
第二十四条 开标会议应在建设行政主管部门及纪检监察部门的监督下进行。
第二十五条 开标会议程序，按招标文件规定的程序进行。
第二十六条 投标文件中的投标函未加盖投标人的企业及企业法定代表人印章的，或者企业法定代表人委托代理人没有合法、有效的委托书（原件）及委托代理人印章的，投标文件视为无效。
第二十七条 投标文件出现下列情况之一的，其投标文件作为无效标处理，招标人不予受理：
（一）逾期送达的或者未送达指定地点的；
（二）投标文件未按招标文件要求予以密封的；
（三）未经法定代表人签署或未加盖投标人公章的；
（四）未按规定格式填写，内容不全或字迹模糊辨认不清的；
（五）未执行国家强制性标准的；
（六）无相应资格建筑师签章的；
（七）建筑师受聘单位与投标人不符的。
第二十八条 招标人或招标代理机构根据招标建筑工程项目特点和需要从区域内评标专家库中随机抽取，或根据招标建筑工程需要从区域外聘请，并组建评标委员会，其组成应当符合有关法律、法规的规定。
第二十九条 评标委员会必须严格按照招标文件确定的评标标准和评标办法进行评审，投标人不得对招标人和评标机构的工作人员施加任何影响。
第三十条 在评标答疑中，当评标委员会对投标文件有疑问需要向投标人质疑时，投标人可以到场解释或澄清投标文件有关内容，但不允许更改投标文件的实质性内容。
第三十一条 评标委员会应当在评标完成后，向招标人提出书面报告，评标委员会应向招标人推荐1-3个中标候选方案。
第三十二条 招标人根据评标委员会的书面评标报告和推荐的中标候选方案，结合投标人的技术力量、信誉、业绩、方案优劣确定中标方案。
第三十三条 招标人也可以委托评标委员会直接确定中标方案。
第三十四条 经评标委员会评审认为各投标文件未能最大程度响应招标文件要求，应当依法进行重新招标。重新招标时间又不允许的，经评标委员会同意评委可采用无计名投票方式产生3名投标人进行方案优化设计确定合格的中标候选人。
第三十五条 招标人应当在中标方案确定起7日内向中标人发出中标通知。
第三十六条 招标人应当在中标方案确定起15日内携招投标情况有关材料到地区建设行政主管部门备案，并提交书面报告。
第五章 其 它
第三十七条 招标人和中标人应当自中标通知书发出之日起30日内，依据《中华人民共和国合同法》及有关工程设计合同管理规定的要求，按照不违背招标文件和中标人的投标文件内容签订设计委托合同，并履行合同的各项内容。
第三十八条 对于达到设计文件要求但未中标的设计方案，招标人应给予不同程度的补偿。采用公开招标的，招标人可在招标文件中明确对投标人的补偿标准；采用邀请招标的，可在邀请函中明确补偿标准。
第三十九条 设计单位应对其提供的方案设计的安全性、可行性、经济性、合理性、真实性及合同履行承担相应的法律责任。
第四十条 各级政府部门不得干预正常的招标、投标活动和无效否决依法按规定评出的中标方案。
第六章 附 则
第四十一条 凡在我区使用国有资金或国家融资、使用国际组织或者外国政府资金的项目以及关系社会公众利益、公众安全的基础设施、公用事业项目均适应本办法。
第四十二条 本办法由行署住房和城乡建设局负责解释。
第四十三条 本办法自发布之日起三十日后施行。
The Draft Constitution and Human Rights Protection in European Union
周大勇 (Zhou,Dayong)
1 the general introduction of the draft constitution in aspect of the human rights
2 short review of the human rights protection in European Union
3 the new points in aspect of human rights in the draft constitution
3.1 common values
3.2 incorporation of the Charter of fundamental rights
3.3 other changes could affect the human rights
4 arisen questions
4.1 the protection different from under the Convention
4.2 the two courts system and its application
5 conclusions in a historical view
1 general introduction of the draft constitution in aspect of the human rights
“Conscious that Europe is a continent that has brought forth civilization; That its inhabitants, arriving in successive waves from earliest times, have gradually developed the values underlying humanism: equality of persons, freedom, respect for reason” Extract from the preamble to the draft Constitution
In past 16 years, the European Union (EU hereafter) has marked itself through a series of changes. From The Single European Act, in which the Union committed itself to create a single market and at the same time establish on its territory the freedom of movement of people, goods, services as well as capital, to Maastricht Treaty, which brought the Union into reality and led to common foreign policy and cooperation in the area of justice and internal affairs as a higher level cooperation among Member States. Then the following Amsterdam (1997) and Nice (2001) Treaties, strengthened cooperation in foreign and security policy and placed Justice and Home Affairs matters and established the frame for the Union as a legitimate institution, in which people from different nations integrated in a large region would have common historical direction and splendid future before them. Just before the door of enlargement of the Union, it was argued that the Union has to improve democracy and transparency as well as efficiency, in order to outlines the EU’s purpose and competence clearly and streamline structures so as to prevent paralysis, therefore a new constitution for the Union is determined to replace the EU's series of key treaties in passed over the last 50 years as a single document .
Under leading of former French President and master draftsman Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, the European Convention set about its work of drafting the European Union's first ever full-fledged constitution. With the convention's work completed, the draft must now be finalized by an Intergovernmental Conference of European leaders that is expected to complete deliberations by the end of the 2003. As far as our topic is concerned, noticeably modifications come out in the constitution contract, first of all, the incorporation of the Charter of Fundamental Rights, which we will discuss later. In the beginning it is meaningful to consider the statues of the draft constitution in the progress course of the Union. The Union desires to bring peace and prosperity, to promote economic and social progress through continuously integrating market and expanding freedom under light of united institution and social systems . These goals, however, are the foundation of development and protection of human rights . That means, if we regard human rights as a series right which realized at first in peaceful and law-ruling society, then the Union has already kept on entrenching to appreciate these goal from beginning on, and now by means of perusing such goal in a larger region through enlargement, the EU’s influence extent to broader area and more people.
The draft constitution then in such context should be viewed as another historical phase in the process. Because the promoting of well-being and fortune of people depend not only on the development of economic situation and adding some single freedom clauses into the governmental documents, but also upon the entire politic system and background in which we live. Without governing based on democratic and effective institutional structure, and especially a ripe legislation and judiciary mechanism, the realization and protection of human rights could only be on the paper. This is also one of the motive caused the Declaration on the future of the European Union which committed the Union to becoming more democratic, more transparent and effective, in order to pave the way for a Constitution in response to the expectations of the people of Europe . In this perspective, one shall recognize the Constitution as a moving forward step of the whole EU institutionalization targeting its goal, so that to discuss the Constitution in connection with the human right protection, it is helpful to review the human rights protection in Europe and, especially in EU.
2 short review of the human rights protection in European Union
The protection of human rights has been internationally come to life in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in 1948 (UDHR) with reorganization of disregard and contempt for human rights have resulted in barbarous acts which have outraged the conscience of mankind and respect for inherent dignity as well as the equal rights of all members of the human. This declaration states explicitly that the rights and freedoms of humans have to be guaranteed without distinction and destruction by any group, state or person. These principles were broadly accepted by European countries, considering the origin of the EU (EC) and the historical separation in Europe after WWII, we denote only the contracting countries of European Community.
For the Member States of EC, the Council of Europe has been up to now the most important instrument, which established in 1949 as a result of the Congress of Europe in The Hague , and took for the basic of the human rights protection. The Council accepted the principles of Universal Declaration of Human Rights and integrated it into The European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights (the Convention hereafter), which and its 12 Protocols turned out to be the significant resource for Human Rights protection in Europe. Because of the existence of the Convention, the other two organizations established in the same age aftermath of the Second World War, i.e. OEEC and the European Communities didn’t include relevant clauses for Human Rights protection into their founding treaties. Since it was agreed at that time, the Council of Europe would focus on the protection of human rights, fundamental freedoms and democratic values, whereas the OECD and the European Communities were to be concerned with the economic restoration of Europe. The reason of separate organizations was based on a view to avoiding economic excuses for future inhumanity. Another reason came from the thought, which believed that the process of economic integration set forth in the Community Treaties could not lead to a violation of human rights. Furthermore, the original Member States in the Treaty of Rome feared, that the inclusion of a "bill of rights" in the Treaty might have brought about an undesirable expansion of Community powers, since it could lead Community institutions to interpret their powers as extending to anything not explicitly prohibited by the enumerated guarantees.
Under the regime of Council of Europe, a lots of achievement of human rights improvement has been reached , yet along with the development and expansion of EU, another mechanism on protection of human rights which does not totally rely on the Council of Europe has derived out on one hand, on the other hand being lack of provisions ruling human rights protection in the Treaty establishing EC did not prevent the EC and the later European Union from providing care for the protection against the violations on human rights. Naturally, how could a swelling supranational organization as EC, which has been continually strengthening its power in all social aspects, does not involve in human rights issues especially when the consciousness of human rights nowadays become more significant both in international and national stages? Regarding to EU, The protection system has been formed in three aspects.
First of all, the legislation in the Member States of EU. Since there were no Member States of EU (EC) which accedes to the Community without being a member of the Council of Europe, and according to the Convention, it impose obligations on the Member States that they should ensure that the internal laws and practices comply with the human rights standards set out in the instruments. Very member states in EU have recognize the principles derived from the Convention and incorporated them somehow into national laws, most importantly, provided constitutive protection as the basic legal resource for human rights protection. For example in Germany, Basic Law (Grundgesetz) Art 1 to 19 deliver explicit provisions even beyond the Convention; the same case as Part VIII (§71-85) in Constitution of Denmark ; in Britain the Act of Human Rights came into force on 2 October 2000 steers extending a ways, in which the Convention can be used before domestic courts. Certainly, according to the classic human rights lessons, the basic protection of human rights could only be afforded at the national level through national legislation and excise of authoritative power.
Secondly, the institutions and legislation at the EU level acts also with high respect to the human rights protection. The EU has showed its commitment to human rights and fundamental freedoms and has explicitly confirmed the EU's attachment to fundamental social rights ever since its establishment.
The Amsterdam Treaty established procedures intended to secure their protection. It was ascertained, as a general principle, that the European Union should respect human rights and fundamental freedoms, upon which the Union is founded. For the first time a procedure is introduced, according to which severe and continuing violations of Fundamental Rights can lead to suspension of voting and other rights of a member state, if the Union determined the existence of a serious and persistent breach of these principles by that Member State. As to the Candidate countries, they should also respect these principles to join the Union. Furthermore, It has also given the European Court of Justice the power to ensure respect of fundamental rights and freedoms by the European institutions. In accordance with the inner requirement for the implementation of development cooperation operations, in order to reach objective of developing and consolidating democracy, EU also need its rule respecting for human rights. Such cases we have are for instance the EU Council’s regulation on human rights, Council Regulation (EC) No 975/199 and Council Regulation (EC) No 976/1999 for example, are aimed at providing technical and financial aid for operations to promote and protect of civil and political rights as well as economic, social and cultural rights etc.
Likewise, at their meeting in Cologne in June 1999, EU leaders declared that in respect to the current stage of progress of the European Union, the fundamental rights applicable at Union level should be pushed forward, namely be consolidated in a Charter and thereby made more evident. They argued, that the legal resources of human rights protection come from not only the European Convention of Human Right, but also from various international conventions drawn up by the Council of Europe as well as the United Nations and the International Labor Organization, they also include EU treaties themselves and from the case law of the European Court of Justice. As a result, a Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union (the Charter hereinafter) was sketch out, which highlighted the EU’s respect for human rights, for fundamental freedoms and for the principle of democracy through listing more rights a more precise definition of the common values comparing the early documents including the Convention. We will continue to concentrate on the Charter in point 3 since it has been integrated in the draft Constitution as an outstanding achievement.
Finally, the opinion and case-law of European Court of Justice (ECJ hereafter) also have immense impact on the establishment of the instrument of human rights protection within EU.
Although the jurisprudence developed by the ECJ recognizes the Convention as the standard-setter in cases in which the Court has to consider and decide a human rights issue, since there were no relevant legislation existed in the frame of the Community, the ECJ furnish itself power in this aspect by means of case-law. Earlier in 1974, the ECJ first made reference to the ECHR in the Nold judgment, in which the ECJ emphasized its commitment to fundamental human rights based on the constitutional traditions of the Member States’ fundamental rights form an integral part of the general principles of law which the Court enforces. In assuring the protection of such rights, the Court is required to base itself on the constitutional traditions common to the Member States and therefore could not allow measures, which are incompatible with the fundamental rights recognized and guaranteed by the constitutions of such States. The ECJ declared, that the international treaties on the protection of human rights in which the Member States have cooperated or to which they have adhered could also supply indications which may be taken into account within the framework of Community law.
That implied, even without clear regulations in the treaties, the remedy against violation on human rights could also be provided within the framework of the Community in respect for the common traditions applied to the Member States, and in connection with we have mentioned about the Member States’ above, the principles and resource applied to the Member States derived from the Council of Europe. Thus a EU standard could be established by transform a rating comparison of the members’ legal systems to the case-law in ECJ in respect for human rights.
