【内容提要】 新刑诉法在特别程序中专章规定未成年人刑事案件诉讼程序,确立附条件不起诉制度。该制度是我国实践先行的一项司法改革创举,体现宽严相济刑事司法政策,促进社会和谐稳定,节省司法资源,提高诉讼效率,具有重要的法治意义。检察机关要明确指导思想,把握范围条件,遵守基本原则,规范办案程序,强化监督制约,正确执行附条件不起诉制度。同时要认识附条件不起诉制度在范围、条件、适用方面存在的不足,研究对策,采取措施,完善制度。
【关键词】 未成年人犯罪 附条件不起诉制度 运行机制 宽严相济
面对日益严峻的未成年人犯罪问题,法律和政策给予了高度关切,司法机关和社会各界根据“教育为主,惩罚为辅”原则,探索了众多教育、感化、挽救的新制度,一定程度上遏制了未成年人犯罪的蔓延,使一些迷途失足者重获新生。对于成熟完备的制度创新,新刑诉法予以充分肯定,在特别程序中专章规定未成年人刑事犯罪案件诉讼程序,正式确立了附条件不起诉制度。检察机关应当认真领会新刑诉法立法意图,执行附条件不起诉新规定,保障未成年人合法权益。笔者结合近年来检察工作实践,就构建附条件不起诉运行机制谈些个人浅见。
一、附条件不起诉的概念和特征
附条件不起诉在两大法系的许多国家和地区,均有较为成熟的制度设计,其产生的直接动因,来自于刑事犯罪增多导致的对诉讼经济的要求,以及诉讼便宜主义的选择。比如,德国《刑事诉讼法》第153条规定,检察院可以对轻罪暂时不予提起公诉。这里的轻罪,是指最低刑罚不到一年的监禁或者应处罚金刑并且不存在继续进行刑事指控需求的犯罪。美国适用附条件不起诉的案件主要包括三类:一是未成年人犯罪,二是吸食毒品犯罪,三是单位犯罪。台湾《刑事诉讼法》第253条规定,附条件不起诉适用于被告人所犯为死刑、无期徒刑或最轻本刑三年以上有期徒刑以外之罪。
为了保障稳定和谐、维护审判权威、促进司法公正、推动司法改革,我国新刑诉法严格规定了附条件不起诉案件的范围、条件、法律适用程序和犯罪嫌疑人管教、矫治、督察、处置办法。从新规定可以看出,所谓附条件不起诉,是指检察机关在审查起诉未成年人涉嫌特定犯罪案件时,对可能判处一年有期徒刑以下刑罚,符合起诉条件,但有悔罪表现的,附条件附期限地暂时不予起诉,根据其表现最终作出起诉或不起诉决定的工作机制。考验期满,符合不起诉条件,作出不起诉决定;否则,提起公诉。
附条件不起诉具有如下特征:
一是犯罪主体具有严格的限定性。之前的检察改革探索实践过程中,成年人犯罪也有附条件不起诉的适用。新刑诉法限定,适用附条件不起诉的主体只能是未成年人,成年人犯罪不适用该项规定。
二是犯罪案件具有明确的范围性。之前的检察改革实践中,除了第一、第二章、第七章规定的几类严重犯罪,其他章节的犯罪案件,大多都有适用附条件不起诉的案例,有的地方规定可能判处三年以下有期徒刑,有的地方规定可能判处五年以下有期徒刑的案件都可以适用附条件不起诉。新刑诉法出于维护社会稳定和谐的需要,规定附条件不起诉的案件,只能是第四、五、六章规定的犯罪,并且是案件情节轻微,可能判处一年有期徒刑以下刑罚的案件。
三是犯罪主体具有真实的悔罪性。犯罪嫌疑人有悔罪表现,是教育、感化、挽救的前提。悔罪表现不仅是在附条件不起诉决定作出前,也要反映在附条件不起诉决定作出后。如果附条件不起诉作出后,犯罪嫌疑人实施新的犯罪、之前还有其他需要追诉的犯罪、违反治安管理规定、违反附条件不起诉监管规定等,则视为没有悔罪表现,案件重新进入起诉程序。
四是条件成就具有处理的无罪性。新旧刑诉法均规定,“未经人民法院依法判决,对任何人都不得确定有罪。”因此,检察机关不起诉决定,属于无罪的司法决定。根据新刑诉法规定,检察机关对未成年犯罪嫌疑人规定六个月以上一年以下考验期,在附条件不起诉考验期满,没有提起公诉情形的,检察机关应当作出不起诉决定,犯罪嫌疑人视作无罪。
二、附条件不起诉实践及其意义
新刑诉法公布实施前,附条件不起诉制度虽然在我国法律中没有明确规定,但是,检察机关以现有法律规定和司法解释为依据,贯彻宽严相济刑事司法政策,借鉴西方国家的成功经验和做法,推行附条件不起诉制度,这是实践先行的一项司法改革创举。各地检察机关附条件不起诉制度的内容大同小异,主要的有:附条件不起诉的指导思想、适用范围、条件、工作原则、办案程序等。由于各地刑事犯罪数量、规律和特点不尽相同,因此附条件不起诉适用案件范围和条件有很大差别,归纳起来,主要有三种做法:一是仅限于未成年人犯罪案件。如北京海淀区人民检察院《实施附条件不起诉制度细则》第三条明确规定,附条件不起诉的适用对象为涉嫌犯罪的未成年人,且需满足如下条件:(1)案件的犯罪事实清楚,证据确凿、充分;(2)犯罪情节较轻,可能判处三年以下有期徒刑;(3)犯罪嫌疑人犯罪后有悔改表现,不致再继续危害社会;(4)犯罪嫌疑人系初犯、偶犯或者是共同犯罪中的从犯、胁从犯;(5)具备较好的帮教条件。二是适用于情节轻微、具有悔罪表现的犯罪案件。如南京市人民检察院在《检察机关附条件不不起诉试行办法》中规定的条件是:(1)无前科劣迹;(2)犯罪情节较轻,不致再危害社会;(3)能如实供述自己的罪行,积极退赔或者协助挽回损失;(4)能够提供保证人或者交纳足额保证金。三是适用于特定主体、社会危害不大的犯罪案件。如《无锡市检察机关附条件不起诉办法(试行)》规定:附条件不起诉的适用对象为未成年人犯罪、在校学生犯罪、或者涉嫌职务犯罪、经济犯罪和其他普通形式犯罪,情节轻微、社会危害不大的犯罪嫌疑人或单位。2007年以来,绵阳市涪城区检察院根据“理性、平和、文明、规范”司法的要求,建立和试行附条件不起诉制度,将案件范围限制为:可能判处三年有期徒刑,且有悔罪表现的初犯、偶犯、过失犯、未成年犯、老年犯或共同犯罪中的从犯、胁从犯。截至2011年底,该院对20人作出附条件不起诉处理,其中未成年人附条件不起诉6人。没有公安机关不服案件,也没有犯罪嫌疑人和被害人申诉、上访案件,不起诉后没有一人重新犯罪。2012年度统计显示,未成年人犯罪不捕率、不起诉率高于成年人近20%,体现了宽严相济刑事司法政策和司法的社会效果,最大程度地实现了对被害人的救助;未成年人犯罪同比下降近30%,预防和控制犯罪成效明显。
司法实践表明,附条件不起诉制度体现了宽严相济刑事司法政策,有助于教育、感化、挽救犯罪嫌疑人,化解社会矛盾纠纷,积极地对被害人在经济和心理上实施救助,节省司法资源,提高诉讼效率,是一项符合客观实际且具有较好法律、社会和政治效果的司法制度创新,具有重要的法治意义。
首先,附条件不起诉真正实行区别对待,充分体现了宽严相济刑事司法政策。刑事犯罪通常是一般犯罪占多数,恶性犯罪占少数。宽严相济,教化多数,打击少数,是目的刑和报应刑思想的体现,有利于淳朴风气,分化瓦解犯罪阵营。高检院《关于在检察工作中贯彻宽严相济刑事司法政策若干意见》提出,“检察机关在批捕、起诉等各项工作中,都要根据案件情况,做到该严则严,当宽则宽,宽严适度”。在推行附条件不起诉制度过程中,各地检察机关对犯罪情节较轻、主观恶性不大、认罪态度好、不致再继续危害社会的犯罪嫌疑人,进行帮教考察,使其认罪悔罪,最终作出不起诉决定,体现了宽严相济中“宽”的一面。同时规定不符合条件的犯罪嫌疑人不适用附条件不起诉,依法提起公诉,体现了宽严相济中“严”的一面。
其次,附条件不起诉以教育、感化、挽救犯罪嫌疑人为目的,有利于促进社会和谐稳定。任何犯罪,都有着不同的个体、家庭、社会原因。“人之初,性本善”,没有谁生来就是犯罪的胚子。打击犯罪是为了修复被损害的社会关系,实现预防犯罪目的。联合国《关于犯罪与司法:迎接二十一世纪的挑战的维也纳宣言》,明确提出恢复性司法理念,强调消除仇恨,化解矛盾,建立公正、负责、讲道德和有效率的刑事司法系统。如果犯罪嫌疑人被法律感召而理性回归,其教化、示范作用将产生巨大的正能量。附条件不起诉制度重视未成年犯罪嫌疑人悔罪表现所显示的积极因素,通过检察机关、家庭、社会的积极帮教,促使犯罪嫌疑人认识犯罪行为造成的社会危害,从而主动改过自新,以书面悔过、向被害人道歉、在经济上赔偿或补偿被害人等方式消除矛盾纠纷,减少不必要的上诉和申诉,增进社会和谐,这是符合公共利益的。从另一方面看,对犯罪最终作出不起诉决定,让犯罪嫌疑人免于犯罪前科的污点记录,更容易唤回犯罪嫌疑人道德和良知,从而尽快回归社会,减少社会对立面。
再次,附条件不起诉减省诉讼程序,有利于节省司法资源和提高诉讼效率。追究犯罪人刑事责任,需要很大的社会经济成本。对犯罪人的拘留、审判、执行刑罚等需要大量的人力、物力、财力。一方面是犯罪居高不下,监狱、看守所人满为患,另一方面是司法机关人力、财力严重不足,超负荷运转,司法资源浪费严重,由此造成人民群众对司法公正和效率产生怀疑。德国学者阿尔布莱西特认为,“在现代刑法和现代社会的条件下执行法定起诉原则是完全不可能的,这不仅受到经济条件的限制,在轻微犯罪和缺乏预防的必要时还受到适当性原则的制约”。在诉讼阶段分流部分轻微刑事案件,由检察机关附条件不起诉,减少诉讼环节,减轻审判负担,降低诉讼成本,节省更多司法资源,有利于集中司法力量打击严重刑事犯罪,妥善处置疑难复杂案件。
三、新刑诉法框架下附条件不起诉运行机制架构
对刑事案件作出起诉与不起诉决定,是法律赋予检察机关的专属职责。在未成年人犯罪附条件不起诉程序之中,检察机关处于核心地位,需要承担启动程序、作出决定、监督考察、最终定论等职责。建立科学的附条件不起诉运行机制,确保新刑诉法正确实施,是当前检察机关需要认真实践和总结的重大课题。
(一)明确附条件不起诉的指导思想
从今年1月1日正式生效实施的新刑诉法规定的任务、基本原则以及未成年人刑事案件诉讼程序可以看出,附条件不起诉的指导思想是:贯彻宪法和刑诉法关于“尊重和保障人权”的规定,落实宽严相济的刑事司法政策,坚持教育为主、惩罚为辅原则,对犯罪未成年人实行教育、感化、挽救方针,保障未成年人诉讼权利和合法权益,化解社会矛盾,促进稳定和谐。
(二)把握附条件不起诉的范围和条件
新刑诉法将附条件不起诉案件范围,严格限定为未成年人犯罪案件。为此,犯罪主体不能扩展为未成年人以外的成年人,也不能是涉嫌犯罪的单位。
附条件不起诉案件,应当同时符合四个条件:
1、涉嫌犯罪罪名必须是法定范围罪名。只有刑法分则第四章侵犯公民人身权利、民主权利罪,第五章侵犯财产罪,第六章妨害社会管理秩序罪这三章中规定的罪名,才能适用附条件不起诉,该范围之外的其他罪名,不得适用附条件不起诉。
国家计委印发《关于中外合资、合作经营企业产品以产顶进办法》的通知(附英文)
国家计委
国家计委印发《关于中外合资、合作经营企业产品以产顶进办法》的通知(附英文)
1987年10月19日,国家计委
通知
根据《国务院关于鼓励外商投资的规定》,我委拟定的《关于中外合资、合作经营企业产品以产顶进办法》,已经国务院批准,现印发给你们,请参照执行。
附:关于中外合资、合作经营企业产品以产顶进办法
第一条 根据《国务院关于鼓励外商投资的规定》,为鼓励外商投资兴办先进技术企业,帮助企业解决外汇收支平衡,特制定本办法。
第二条 本办法适用于能够提供国内需要的先进技术,从事新产品开发实行产品升级换代的生产型中外合资经营、合作经营企业(以下简称合资、合作企业)。
第三条 符合下列各项条件的,可申请以产顶进:
一、确属国内需要的技术先进的技术型的合资、合作企业的产品,投产初期,在实现国产化进程中,外汇平衡出现暂时困难的;
二、上述企业生产的产品属于目前和今后几年中央、地方和部门需要进口的;
三、申请以产顶进的产品规格、性能、交货期和技术服务,培训应符合国内用户的需要,产品必须经过国家级产品质量检测中心鉴定,确认达到同类进口商品的质量标准,原则上价格不高于当时的国际市场价格。
第四条 凡要求以产顶进的企业,在申报项目建议书的同时,提出以产顶进的申请。在报送项目可行性研究报告时,必须明确合资、合作企业产品的内外销比例,以及国产化的进度,并对以产顶进的可行性(包括分年顶替进口的产品数量和外汇金额)进行充分论证或评估。
第五条 按分级管理原则、合资、合作企业产品申请以产顶进、分别由中央、地方(部门)两级审批。中央审批的限额以上项目需要以产顶进的,由国家计委审批;地方和部门审批的限额以下项目需要以产顶进的,由地方计委和部门自行审批。
第六条 由国家计委审批的限额以上项目的以产顶进:
一、凡已列入国家批准的中长期中央进口计划的商品,除去对外已签长期贸易协议和必须安排进口的以外,还有可能供以产顶进的,在审批可行性研究报告时,可预批中央进口计划期内的以产顶进。
二、没有列入中长期中央进口计划的商品,原则上不预批的以产顶进。但在年度中央进口计划中有这类商品进口且能以产顶进时,企业可向国家计委提出申请,批准后,由经贸部办理只在当年有效的以产顶进手续。
三、没有列入中长期和年度中央进口计划的商品,如当年地方有进口,企业可向地方计委提出申请,经批准后,由地方经贸部门办理以产顶进手续。
第七条 由地方、部门审批的限额以下项目的以产顶进:
一、凡已列入本省、自治区、直辖市的中长期和年度进口计划内可供以产顶进的商品,可由省、自治区、直辖市计委参照中央的审批办法,预批和办理本地区进口计划期内的以产顶进。
二、没有列入本地区中长期或年度计划,但本地区或其他地区有进口的,可实行跨地区的以产顶进。企业可向进口这一商品的省、自治区、直辖市计委申报,经批准后,由该省、自治区、直辖市经贸部门办理以产顶进手续。
三、部门用自有外汇进口的商品,企业可直接向该部门申请,经同意后,办理以产顶进手续。
第八条 上述中央和地方计委(或部门)审批同意以产顶进的产品,属于在中长期进口计划内预批的,必须根据当年的进口计划情况,在年度中进一步核定落实。
凡经批准实行以产顶进的产品,国内用户在同等条件下,必须优先选用。
各级进口管理部门和进口审查部门,对合资、合作企业已能生产并符合以产顶进条件的产品,应指导鼓励国内用户优先采购。
第九条 经批准的以产顶进产品,国内用户采购时,应按双方商定的条件,经国家外汇管理部门批准,向合资、合作企业支持全部或部分外汇。
第十条 机电产品的以产顶进,由国家经委制定并公布顶进目录和以产顶进管理办法,指导国内用户优先采购目录内的产品。
凡生产目录内产品的合资、合作企业可以参加中国机电设备招标中心(或经国家经委批准的招标公司)组织的进口机电设备招标,中标的企业,由该中心出具证明,实现以产顶进。
第十一条 合资、合作企业生产以产顶进产品所需进口的料、件、按《对外经济贸易部关于外商投资企业申领出口许可证的实施办法》第四条规定办理进口手续;上述产品供应给国内用户时,按海关总署《中华人民共和国海关对外商投资企业履行产品出口合同所需进口料、件管理办法》第五条规定办理。
第十二条 经批准其产品实行以产顶进合资、合作企业,必须做到:
一、严格执行合同中规定的出口比例和国产化进程的要求:
二、必须努力使产品的技术性能和质量保持先进水平;
三、按合同规定的数量、时间交货,因交货时间、交货数量和产品质量等问题造成用户经济损失者,要承担相应的经济责任。
四、为用户提供优质服务。
第十三条 合资、合作企业的产品一俟批准以产顶进后,不能再重复将这部分产品纳入国产物资分配计划。
第十四条 本办法由国家计委负责解释。
第十五条 本办法自公布之日起实行。
附:“七五”计划期间中央进口计划内可以实行以产顶进的商品目录
1.钢材
2.生铁
3.木材
4.铜
5.铝
6.锌
7.橡胶
8.化肥
9.木浆
10.腈纶
11.锦纶
12.人造丝
Measures for the Substitution of Importation by Products Manu-factured by Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures and Chinese-ForeignCooperative Joint Ventures
(Promulgated by the State Plan Commission on October 31, 1987)
Whole document
Measures for the Substitution of Importation by Products Manufactured by
Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures and Chinese-Foreign Cooperative
Joint Ventures
(Promulgated by the State Plan Commission on October 31, 1987)
Article 1
These measures are specially formulated pursuant to the "Provisions of
the State Council for the Encouragement of Foreign Investment" in order to
encourage foreign businessmen to invest in and establish technologically
advanced enterprises, and assist enterprises with foreign investment to
achieve a balance of foreign exchange receipts and payments.
Article 2
These measures are applicable to the productive Chinese-foreign equity
joint ventures and cooperative joint ventures (hereinafter "joint venture"
and "cooperative venture") which are capable of providing the advanced
technology needed by the country and involve in developing new products
and upgrading the existing products.
Article 3
Applications for import substitution treatment may be made if the
following conditions are met:
1. Temporary difficulties in balancing foreign exchange in the initial
period of operation are encountered in respect of the product made by a
joint venture or cooperative venture which has advanced technology needed
by the country and which is in the process of localizing source;
2. The products produced by the above mentioned enterprises are need
to be imported at present and will be needed to be imported in the next
few years by central and local authorities and relevant departments; and
3. The specification, performance, term of delivery and the conditions
of technical service and training of those products applied for import
substitution should meet the requirements of domestic customers, and the
products must be confirmed to reach the same quality standard as import
products of the same kind after being tested by a State-level product
quality examination center, and in principle, the prices are not higher
than current prices in international market.
Article 4
All enterprises which intending to ask for import substitution shall
request import substitution in the project proposal submitted for
examination and approval. In the feasibility study report submitted for
examination and approval, the proportion of the products for export and
domestic-sales, and the degree for increasing the indigenous components
and parts of the products shall be clearly specified. The feasibility of
import substitution (including the quantity of import products and the
amounts of foreign exchange involved on a yearly basis) shall also be
fully demonstrated or assessed.
Article 5
In accordance with the principle of administrative separation, the
application for import substitution of products of joint ventures and
cooperative ventures should be examined and approved either by the central
authorities or by local authorities (or departments). As for the project
within the examination and approval limits of the central authorities,
the application for import substitution shall be examined and approved by
the State Planning Commission. As for the project within the examination
and approval limits of the local authorities or departments the
application for import substitution shall be examined and approved by the
local planning commission or departments themselves.
Article 6
Import substitution for the projects within the examination and
approval limits of the central authorities shall be examined and approved
by the State Planning Commission:
1. In the case of products listed in the Central medium or long-term
import plan, except for those products for which foreign long-term trade
agreements have already been signed and those products for which imports
must be arranged, import substitution may be approved in advance for the
period covered by the central import plan at the time the feasibility
study report is examined and approved.
2. In principle, advance approval shall not be given for import
substitution of products which are not listed in the Central medium or
long-term import plan. However, if such products are listed in the Central
annual import plan and import substitution is possible, the enterprises
may apply to the State Planing Commission for import substitution. After
approval is granted the formalities for import substitution shall be
handled by the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations and Trade and shall
be valid for that given year only.
3. As for the products not listed in the central medium and long-term
or annual import plan, the enterprises may, where importation of the
products is to be made locally in the given year, apply to local planning
commission. After the approval is granted, the formalities for import
substitution shall be handled by the local departments of foreign economic
relations and trade.
Article 7
Import substitution for projects within the examination and approval
limits of local authorities should be examined and approved by the local
authorities and departments:
1. In the case that the products are listed in the medium and
long-term or annual import plan of provinces, autonomous regions and
municipalities directly under the Central Government and suitable for
import substitution, the planning commission of the provinces, autonomous
regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government can
approve import substitution in advance for the period covered by the local
import plan; reference shall be made to central examination and approval
measures.
2. In the case that the products are not listed in the medium and
long-term or annual import plan of one region, but such products is to be
imported into that-region or other regions, import substitution may be
conducted transregionally. The enterprises may apply directly to the
planning commission of provinces and autonomous regions and municipalities
directly under the Central Government which is importing the products.
After approval is granted, the import substitution formalities shall be
handled by the local departments of foreign economic relations and trade
of such province, autonomous region or municipality directly under the
Central Government.
3. In the case that the products imported by the departments using
their own foreign exchange, the enterprises may apply directly to such
department for import substitution. If such department consents, it shall
handle the import substitution formalities.
Article 8
The above mentioned products of import substitution which have been
approved by the State or local planning commission (or department) in
advance for the period covered by the medium and long-term plan, must be
further checked and ratified each year, in accordance with the situation
of such import plan in such year.
Under the same conditions, domestic users shall select and use the
products approved for import substitution in reference to imports.
All levels of import administration and import examination and
approval authorities shall provide guidance to domestic users and
encourage them to buy the products produced by joint ventures and
cooperative ventures which conform to the conditions of import
substitution, in reference to imports.
Article 9
Domestic users shall pay the foreign exchange to joint ventures and
cooperative ventures totally or partially when they buy products approved
for import substitution according to the conditions agreed by both parties
upon permission by the foreign exchange central authorities.
Article 10
The State Economic Commission shall draw up and promulgate a list of
mechanical and electric products of import substitution and relevant
administrative measures, and provide the guidance to the domestic users to
buy the products on the list, in reference to imports.
Joint ventures and cooperative ventures that produce the products on
such list, may enter bids in tenders organized by the China Machine and
Electrical Equipment Tendering Center (or other tendering companies
approved by the State Economic Commission). If an enterprise wins the
render, it may carry out the import substitution on the basis of the
certificate issued by the Center.
Article 11
The import procedures of the materials and parts which must be
imported by the joint ventures and cooperative ventures to produce the
import substitution products shall be handled according to the Article 4
of "Implementation Measures of the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations
and Trade Concerning the Application for Import and Export Licenses by
Enterprises with Foreign Investment". When the products mentioned above
are supplied to domestic users, it shall be handled according to the
Article 5 of the" Measures of the Customs Authority of the People's
Republic of China for the Control of Materials and Parts Required to be
Imported for the Performance of Product Export Contracts by Enterprises
with Foreign Investment".
Article 12
The joint ventures and cooperative ventures whose products have been
approved for import substitution shall:
1. strictly carry out the contract requirements regarding the
proportion of export sales and the process of raising the indigenous
components and parts of the products,
2. strive maintain the technical performance and quality of the
products at the world advanced levels; and
3. deliver the products according to the quantity and the time
required in the contract. The enterprises which cause economic losses to
users because of problems in the amount or quality of products or the
delivery time, etc., shall bear corresponding economic responsibility.
4. provide the best service to users.
Article 13
Once the products of joint ventures and cooperative ventures being
approved for import substitution, such products shall not be included in
the allocation plan of the materials produced in domestic.
Article 14
The State Planning Commission shall be responsible for interpreting
these Measures.
Article 15
These Measures shall enter into force on the date of promulgation.